Art of making paper and felted sheet materials



M. R. WARE ART OF AKING PAPER AND FELTED SHEET MATERIALS 2 Sheets-.SheetFiled 001;. 14. 1929 INVEN'TOR y BY '%:h` l l n 1 AT ORNEY Oct. 18,1932.M. R. WARE 1,883,144

'ART OF MAKING PAPER AND FELTED SHEET MATERIALS y FiledfOct. 14, 1929 2Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR Patented Oct. 18, 15932 UNITED STATES PATENTol-*FlcE nELvrN a. WARE, or BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, AsaIGNoE ro.ronNs-mNvrLLE conroaarroN, or NEW Yonx, N. y., a coEroEarIoN or NEWYom:

EET or MAKING PAPER AND EELTED snEE'r MA'rEEuLs Applioatfon med October14, 1929. Serial No. 399,658.

This invention relates to the art of making paper and felted sheetmaterials-of a porous nature which may be readily dried and are adaptedtobe easilyl impregnated with saturating materials.- This application isa conj tinuation in part and improvement on Patent No. 1,732,176,granted October 15, 1929. The important value of this method ofmanufactureJ lies in the fact that with any given` grade of paper stockthatmay be used, a sheet can be ormed which is much less compacted thansheets formed by machines or methods now and heretofore employed.

Heretofore, generally speaking, paper and sheet materials made from pulpor water stock fibrous materials -have been' manufactured by forming aweb upon'a carrierl by either gravity( flow or gravity and suction meansand then transferring or couching to a feltcarrierand drawing the watertherefrom by mechanical pressure means used alone or in combination withsuitable suction means, thereby necessitating a more orfless complexarrangement and structure for producing a web suitably drained fortransferring tothe lusual drying machine. It has been noted that with.machines of the' above type and others of diiferent types now being usedthe webs, due to numerous mechanical operations, are compacted whilebeing drained, thereby producing a more or less dense sheet which notonly retards the drying-thereof but'also retards the saturatingthereof-with any treating solutlon or impregnating compound.

' n its general aspects this invention involves the depositing of afibrous watered stock upon a travelling perforated or reticulated,endless carrier to rformy a web, from which the Water is drained bymeans of suitablyvarran ed suction'means without subjectstretchingaction of the sheet, thereby'causing shrinkage crosswiseand comp/actingthe sheet.

ing-,the we to any mechanical operating or In the preferred form, thewatered stock is drawn on to the traveling carrier by means of acontrollable variable suction means in a web-forming cylinder over whichthe endless carrier passes.

This method of manufacture is articu ,larly adapted to form matted webso a loose whilebeing formed and drained are not only subjected to fewer'mechanical operations ythan heretofore used, but also special care .l

has been taken to eliminate the application of all mechanical pressuresand operations which have a 4'tendency to compact, until the web orsheet is sufficiently drained so that the application of any mechanicalpressure thereon Will not materiallychange the physical characterAthereof. The sheets produced the travel of the carrier,the fibres arenot only drawn upon themselves, but are also crisscrossed in alldirections, thereby produclng a wet web' which, when drained 'andtreated 'as hereinabove stated, produces a more loosely textured sheethaving an unusual fluiy and matted nature which is tear-resisting in alldirections and easily dried 'and saturated with impregnating compounds.

This invention may be best understood vby 'reference to the accompanyingdrawings, 'in

which Figure l is a side elevation of the machine constituting theinvention with parts broken away,showin the arrangement of vacuum boxesin the fa ricating drum and also shows .ing the internal arrangement ofthe stock to the endless conveyor belt.

Fig. 2 is a plan view of the machine.

Fi 3. is a' section on the line 3 3 of Fig. 1, loo ing in the directionof thearrows and vat and the relation of endless belt deckels `texturednature, forl the reason that the webs open forward end so thatillustrating the arrangement of the vacuum boxes in the fabricatingdrum.

This invention ispdescribed with reference to the accompanying drawingsin order to facilitate an understanding thereof.

Referring to the drawings in detail, the same reference charactersdesignatin the various parts throughout all figures of te drawings,designates a base, preferably of cast iron or such usual materials asare employed for this purpose, upon which the framework 11 of themachine 1s mounted, which framework may be cast integral therewith asshown in the drawings. At one end of the machine, as shown in Flgure 1,is a vat 12 made in two parts 12a and 412b hinged together at 120, thelatter part lying adjacent the fabricating drum and having extensions orside boards 12d extending over the drumq and extending a certaindistance beyond the drum along the carrying endless belt to bedescribed. The purpose ofthe hingedv construction is to permit theportion o f the vat, 12b and the sideboards 12d to be lifted off of thedrum and folded back on the portion 12a or suspended from a suitable`support in case it is desired to remove the belt or for any other Ppurpose. The vat or tank 12 is provided with the usual tortuouspassageway around a plus rality of baflles, two of which are illustratedat 13 and 14, extending from the top and the bottom of the vatrespectively so that the stock may be delivered to the portion of thevat 12b, thoroughly agitated and of uniform mixture. The vat may bearranged with an the stock will flow onto a fabricating drum, to bedescribed, from the side, as shownsin Figure 1. The fabricating drum orroll 15 is ysuitably mounted for rotation by means of hollow trunnions16 and 17 in journal boxes 16a and 17a respectively secured to the frame11. The drum is of openwork construction preferably having slatsextending lon itudinally of the drum and spaced apart a out itsperiphery.

Mounted on the opposite end of the frame is a plurality of rolls 27,27a'l and 28 which cooperate with the drum 15 to support an endlesscarrying belt .or apron 29 of reticulate material and preferablyconsisting .of a

strip of closely woven wire cloth, either woven endless or spliced asmay be desired, which endless belt` is trained about the drum and is ofsufiicient length topass around rolls 27 and 28 over rolls 30 and 31 andun- Ader the tensioning roll 32 lying between rolls 30 and 31. The roll32 is journaled in brackyets 32a at the'ends of screws 32?) which areprovided one on each side of the machine mounted in ears 320 extendinfrom the sides ofthe frame. Encircling tiesel screws are compression srino's 32d having their ends respectively a uttmg against ears 32o andnuts 32e. Adjacent .the -rolls 27, 27a and 28 is provideda roll 33mounted upon arms 34a ofthe levers 34. The levers 34 are pivoted to theframe 11 intermediate of their ends at 35 and may be adjusted toposition roll 33 relative to rolls 27 and 27a so that the desiredpressure may be exerted'on the fibrous web between said rolls,'by meansof shafts 41- journaled to the frame 11 and having' threaded connectionwith the ends of arms 34?) of the leversv 34; shafts 41 being operatedby means of hand wheel 36 and Worms 38 on shaft 37 meshing with wormwheels 40 on shafts 41. The roll 33 may be covered with a woolen jacket42 to prevent slippinor of the fibre web, which jacket is preferablyshrunk thereon and made fast at the ends. ,The roll 33 is of largerdiameter than the rolls 27 and 28 and is designed to rest on the uppersurface of the belt between said rolls. Roll 33 is rovided withtrunnions 45 which are rotata ly mounted in journal boxes 44 slidablymountedon the lever arms 34a, the journalv boxes 44 being adjustablyheldon the said arms by means of screw bolts 46 rotatably connected with thej ournal boxes and having threaded connection with lugs 47 projectingfrom the lever arms. T he urpose of this roll 33 is to cooperate withthe rolls 27, 27a and 28 in order to exert pressure on the web offelt'fibres resting on the upper surfacev of the belt 29, and tocouchthe sheet or web to a drying carrier 29a; and in order that thepressure exerted may be yaried the outer ends of the lever arms 34a areconnected, by rods 51 having turn buckles 52 thereon, with levers 48pivoted to the frame at 49 and having weights 50 slidably adjusted alongtheir arms 48a. By the above arrangement, all mechanical pressures areremote tothe place of formation of the wet web, and as they are appliedto the web on a non-stretchable carrier, the original formation of theweb or sheet is subthe fibres into a parallel relation.

The side walls 12e of the portion 12b of the vat 12 adjacent the drum 15are spaced apart a distance equal to the. width of the endless belt 29and the side boards 12d are attached thereto. Secured to the lower edgeof the side boards are aprons in the form of strips of cloth or.flexible material 12g, the lower edges of. which are slightly spacedfrom the `endless belt. The urpose of these aprons is to break the jointtween the side board and the deckel. The rolls 56 lie below the bottom'of the tank in order to cause the rubber deckel to contact with theendless belt 29 ahead of the point where the stock is fed thereto and inorder to revent stock and water from spilling out of) the vat under the-stantially maintained without drawing'of drum an'apron 12h is securedalong the edge ,l

outside surface thereof] are rolls 53, 54, 55-

and 56v about which are trained rubber belts oraprons 57 which act asdeckels, the lower surfacesof which are adapted to conform at the sidesthereof` with the belt 29 as it vpasses around the upper surface of thedrum 15 and to press against the edge of the fibre de osited on saidbelt 29. These rubber dec els are extended forwardly of the drum 15 tothe forward edge ofthe side boards, as will be seen by reference to Fig,1, for their move-` ment about the rolls 53, 54, 55 and 56 uponl teliminating dead pockets which tend to slow up the flow of the stock.,and cause whirls or eddies in Which slimes and fibres collect andlfinally break away, and flow over the sheet producing slime spots,lumps and uneven formations. Also, the stock will require less water forsuspension when handled in the above type of head box or vat, as thevacuum formation causes a more rapid flow, thereby doing away with thedeadened flows as commonly used in gravity formation in the thereupon.

Fourdrinier or cylinder type of machines.

Doctors for cleaning theI various rolls which contact with 4the surfaceof the fibrous web or with the side of the belt with which said web hascontacted are provided in connection with said rolls. A doctor 58 havinga Wooden doctor blade 58a contacting with the surface of` the roll 33 isprovided, which is supported by a suitable frame 59 and connectedtherewith by adjustment screws 60, the frame 59 being supported byjournal boxes 44. This blade may be supplemented in its cleaning actionby a shower pipe 61 extending transversely of the machine adjacent theroll 33 and adapted to sprinkle Water In connection with rolls 30 and 31are provided doctors 62 and 63 which carry rubber doctor blades forscraping any fibre from said rolls which may have been deposited thereonby the belt 29. For assisting in cleaning the belt 29l andsalvagng thefibre adhering thereto after the web has been taken off, a shower ipe 64is extended transversely of the machine above the lower reach of thebelt adjacent the roll 27, which shower pipe is adapte-d to sprinklewater on the belt as it passes that point, washing any adherng.

libre oif into collecting receptacles of well-l lnown character, notshown.

Mounted within the drum`15 and arranged for angular adjustment relativetheretois a Vvacuum box 19 having walls 19d and a plurality ofcompartments 19a, 195 and 19o separated by partitions 20a and 205, saidvacuumbox being supported at one end by means of the trunnion 21rotatably mounted in a journal box 22 formed integral with thesupporting structure 23 which may be attached to the journal box 16a inwhich the trunnion 16 is mounted byany suitable means, as by screw bolts24. At the opposite end of the vacuum box is provided a hollow shaft 25which is journaled in the bracket 26 secured i to' the frame 11. Thepartitions 20a and 205 extend into fand partition this hollow shaft 25`whereby each compartment ofthe vacuum box may be connectedseparatelywith -a vacuum pump as hereinafter de-` scribed. The walls 19d areprovided'at the edges with anges 19e of suflicient width to connect withslats adj acentthe said walls 19d when` the said walls happen to fallbetween said slats and to prevent suction being exerted except throughthe cylindrical surface of said drum.

, Connected with the compartments 19a, 195

and 19e through the extensions thereof in the 1 hollow shaft .25, are aplurality of suction pipes 65, 66 and 67 which connect thr `ugh amanifold 68 and pipe 69 with a suct on device, as a vacuum pump 70, ofany desired construction, the suctionhthrough the pipes 65, 66 and 67being controlled by valves 71, 72v

and 73. The respective compartment exten-V sions have short lengths ofpipe 65a, 66a and 67a extending therefrom which connect with pipes 65,66 and 67 by means of a length offlexible hose 75, 76, and 77, whichconstruction permits of the angular adjustment of the vacuum boxdescribed above. The purose of the vacuum box 19 is to suck the water'1n the vat 12 through a mesh of the endless By using thevacuum-formation in combinatlon with the stock vat it is unnecessary touse any mechanism for the purpose of crossing fibres in the manufactureof a sheet of paper on this type machine, as the natural suspension ofthe 'libres in the watered stock as ordinarily used is just about thedesired formation'2 provided they can be drawn onto the sheet 1n thesame condition as they are when suspended in water, which is madepossible by vacuum formation. With this arrangement, the stock onflowing to the vat will'V become attached and bound together by theaction of the vacuum, and, due to the vacuum action-being quicker thanthe action of the cylinder turnin against the stock, will cause thefibres tobe ormed into a sheet in a crisscross relation before therevolving action of the roll has any disturbing effect on the nat-' uralform of suspension, Whereas with the gravity fiow in the present typecylinder machines, the current 1s so dead that the action f the cylinderwithout the vacuum means has a tendency to drag the fibers, causing themto lie lon itudinal with the sheet, forming a denser s eet which doesnot permit of rapid saturati on. Other vacuum boxes along the course oftravel of the forming belt are provided for further drying the web, as,for example, at 7 8, 78a, 786 and 79, the boxes 78, 78a and 786 beingconnected by pipes 80, 80a and 806 to a suction device 7 0a, and the box79 to a suction device 706 by pipe 81. All the above pipes have valvestherein for the purpose of regulating the suction pressures in the lrespective boxes. In the preferred Y method of operation, the valves areregulated s0 that the suction increases from the webforming cylinder tothe couching roll, so that the web is gradually drained withoutsubjecting the forming or carrier belt to undue binding stress againstthe faces of the boxes, particularly where there lis a considerableamount of water therein, as at the head end of the machine. By use ofthe above suction arrangement, the web may be drained to any degreedesired before it reaches the couchin g roll, thereby effecting asubstantial or any desired drying before being contacted by anymechanical pressure means.

A supporting or guide roll 83 may be provided on the frame at anysuitable point for sup orting the weight of the upper strand of the lt29 and guiding it as it passes from the drum 15 laden with the fibre webto the rolls 27 and 28.

Inasmuch as belts of wire cloth, such as belt 29, are very heavy anddifficult to place upon the drum and rolls,- provision is made forremoving the rolls 27, 27a and 28 with their integral supportingstructure 89 which is so connected with the base of the frame 10 that itmay be detached therefrom by sliding it sldewlse on tracks 90. Thesupports 91 and 93 of roll 83 and drum 15, respectively, on one side ofthe machine are removable, leaving the drum and roll suspended in place,said supports 91 and 93 being slidable transversely of the machine ontracks 92 and 94, respectively. The tension roll 32 is likewfsedetachable by removing the sha'ft 95 on which it is mounted from itsbearings 96.

The various rotatable parts of the machine are power-driven through amotor 97 or any other suitable means connected with the shaft 98 onwhich the roll 27 is secured for rotation therewith, the roll 28 beingdriven from said shaft 98 through cross belt 99 trained over conepulleys 100 and 101, the latter being sev cured to a stub shaft 102journaled in a suitable bearing 103 onthe frame of the machine,thepposite end of said stub shaft being prov1 with a gear 104 meshingwith a gear i -having a gear 112 secured thereon and meshing with asimilar gear 113 on the end of the cylinder l5.

The-operation of the machine is as follows The fibrous pulp after beingscreened in the usual manner travels through suitable pipes, not shownand not part ofthis invention, to the vat 12 being agitated and broughtto a uniform mixture by passing around baffles 13 and 14, arrivingfinally in the compart` ment adjacent the drum 15. The pulp will depositon the belt 29 partially by gravity, the water passing through the meshthereof, and

partially by suction exerted thereon through the vacuum compartments19a, 196, 19e suitablyV adjusted to the inner surface of the drum. Thevacuum pressure in said conipartments is regulated individually by theirrespective valves 71, 72 and 73. As the belt 29 passes upwardly over thedrum 15, the rubber deckel belts -57 will eliminate the rough edges,giving the desired deckcled edge to the web of pulp fibre.

As thepulp is carried rearwardly by the belt 29. it passes over vacuumboxes 78, 78a

and 786, which extract additional water therefrom, `thence over the roll28, which may be called the vacuum roll having a vacuum box 79, thereby'draining and driving the web. The belt then passes between rolls 28, 27aand 27 on the under surface thereof and the acketed roll 33 on the uppersurface, the latter being adjusted to the pressure and location relativeto said rolls 27', 27a and 28 necessary to produce any desired pressureon the web of fibre pulp. After passing between these rolls, the web maybe guided ofi' of theroll 27, which may be known as the drive roll, andmay go direct to dryers or be passed between a series of presses or thelike. In the preferred form the draining suction devices are disposedbelow the web, however, the same may be disposed above the web. Also theblowing or forcing of heated vair against the web towards the suctionmeans greatly expedites the draining and drying of the web.

The endless belt 29 of course continues around the driving roll 27 andunder the shower at 611, where the belt is almost coinpletely cleaned ofany fibre adhering thereto. From thence the belt passes over and underthe guide rolls 30, 32 and 31. rlfhe cleaning of the belt is furthereffected by means of the rubber doctor blades 62 and 03 adjacent therespective rolls 30 and 31. The White water containing the fibre scraped0r washed from the belt 29 is caught in the usual manner and directed foa salvaging plant.

In passing o ff of the vacuum-roll 28 it will .eoftopro'uce a homoeneoussheet.

, With the'above combination, it is possible,I

by suitable adjustment of theweb forming vacuum box and pro ermanipulation of the suction valves relate thereto, along with thecontrollable suction boxes and the jacketed roll, to readily manufacturevarious grades and textures of papers' and sheet materials. Because ofthe more rapid dryin due to the vacuum suction boxes 1t is possile tocarry out the 'rocess with a shorter carrying belt for-the bre web andat a greater speed than in machines now in use, and the ressing which mabe applied with controlla levariation to the web between rolls 33 and27, 27a and 28 eliminates the necessity of an further pressin before theusual final rying of the web. urther,. the sheets made by this methodare more uniformlymatted in all directions and retain their originalformation and elasticity better than sheets heretofore made, for thereason that the webs are formed by vacuum means/on a non-stretchablecarrier which, with its associated draining .and treating means, rendersthe webs in suitable condition to pass directly to the usual dryers,omitting numerous drawsand felt drying or draining belts with theirusual pressure rollers, which have a tendency to stretch the carrierbelts and draw the fibresv into a parallel compact relation. The sheetsby this method of manufacture are delivered substantially in thecondition they p are formed, not being subjected to any stretching andcross wise shrinkage, thereby producing sheets having a high degree ofelas- -ticity and which are much stronger crosswise than., those'heretofore produced.

' The above described method has been .found to be connection wit themanufacture of asbestos webs or sheetswhich may be readily impregnatedor saturated with asphalt lforV roofing purposes. Heretofore, in view ofthe slow shedding characteristic of asbestos, sheets or 4Webs ofasbestos have been built up by multiple cylinder machines in plies orlaminations,fs-which do not thoroug 1y mat tovether Asbestos sheetsvmade by the atter method and others now and heretofore used compact thefibres, making a dense sheet which notonly reta-rds the drying thereof,but also retards the saturation or impregnation thereof. l

lto-produce a sheet" suitable for roofing purpaper and pa er board 1nplies, w ich does articularly advantageous in- By the method used inthis invention, the asbestos stock is drawn onto the web-forming carrierin one homogeneous layer with the fibres arranged in a criss-crossloosely matted relation, which is readily drained by the suction meansand substantially maintained in the original formation for the reasonthat there are no mechanical pressure applications until the web ismoreor less dried. The web made by the above method is more or le'ssloosely textured and porous, depending u on the water content of theweb, which is rea ily controllable by regulating the series of suctionmeans before the web reaches the pressure rollers at vthe tail end ofthe machine. rlhis loose textured web is thoroughly' matted together,and has a somewhat fluffy nature, and 1s readily. saturated and treatedwith asphalt` poses. 4 It has also been found that with this vacuumformation and the combination used in connection therewith, longer'fibres may be used, thereby enabling the usel of asbestos fibres asthey are produced at the mines with substantially no treating orIrefining.

Proper regulation of the/vacuum boxin the web-forming cylinder alsoeliminates the necessity of manufacturin `certain rades of awa with aws,s litting, ragged edges, crus ing checking, dckel-troubles, overloadingof the cylinders: stopping up'of stuff gates, variation of. eight andWaste. The' rapidity-of production possible with this machine preventsthevwater in the vat from becoming frothy and slimy, and consequentlyavoids production of slime spots on the paper and avoids thin and 'thickstreaks.

What I claim is 1. In apaper machine of the class described,characterized by anendless belt running over a web-formin suctioncylinder, the combination with said elt and cylinder of a couch rolloperating on the formed web at a point in the belt path of movementremote from the cylinder, said couch roll constituting theu first factorof mechanical pressure-application to be encountered by the paper web,and means, operating between the cylinder anfll) couch roll, fordraining water from the we 2. In a paper machine of the class described,characterized by an endless wire belt runnin-g over a web-formin'suction cylinder, 120. the combination with said elt and cylinder of acouch roll operating on the formed web at apoint in the belt path ofmovement remote from the cylinder, said couch roll con-A stituting thefirst factor of mechanical pres- 1255 sure-application to be encounteredby the aper we ,and suction means, operating etween the cylinder andcouch roll, for drainingwater from the web. 1 i

3. In a paper machine o f the Aclass described, characterizedby anendless perforated belt running over a web-forming suction cylinder, thecombination with said belt and cylinder of a couch roll operating on theformed web at a point in the belt path of movement remote.` from thecylinder, said couch roll constituting the first factor of me# chanicalpressure-application to be encountered by the paper web, and a series ofsuction boxes, operating between the cylinder and couch roll, fordraining water from the web, and means for drying the web.'

4. In a paper machine of the class described, characterized by anendless wire belt running over a web-forming suction cylinder, thecombination with said belt and cylinder of a couch roll operating on theformed web at a oint in thebelt path of movement remote rom thecylinder, said couch roll constituting the' first factor of mechanicalpressureapplication to be encountered by the paper. web, and suctionmeans, operating between.-

the cylinder and couch roll, for draining water from the web, saidsuction means being variable and controllable.

"5. In a paper machine of the class described, characterized by anendless wire belt running over a web-forming suction cylinder,

the combination with said belt and cylinder of a couch roll operating onthe formed web at a point in the belt path of movement remote fromthecylinder, said couch roll constituting the rst factor of mechanicalpressureapplication to be encountered by the paper web, and suctionmeans, operating between the'cylinder and couch roll, for draining waterfrom the web, said suction increasing from the head to the tail end ofthe machine.

6. In a paper machine of the class described, characterized by anendless belt running over a web-forming cylinder, the combination `withsaid belt and cylinder of a couch roll operating on the formed web at apoint in the belt path of movement remote from the cylinder, said' couchroll constituting the first factor of mechanical pressure-application tobe encountered by the paper. web,

and means, operating between the cylinder and couch roll, for drainingwater from the web, said cylinder having a controllable variable vacuumsuction box for drawing the fibres thereon.

7. A method of making paper, which cornprises forming a wet web offibrous material upon a conveyor by suction means, and drawing waterfrom the web without subjecting it to compacting pressure until thewater! content is so far reduced as to render any subsequently appliedmechanical pressure ineffective to compact the web, and then drying theweb, thereby producing a loose-textured bibu- A lous sheet. A 8. Amethod of making a'loose textured asbestos sheet material, whichcomprises forming a wet web of fibrous asbestos material 9. A method ofmaking porous asbestosv sheet material, which comprises drawing' a wetfweb of fibrous asbestos material upon a conveyor at a speed faster thanthe travel of the conveyor to form a criss-cross loose textured mat, andthen draining the water from the web without subjecting it to compactingpressure until the water content is so far reduced as to render thesubsequently applied mechanical pressure inefiective to compact the web.

`l0. A method of making a loose textured slicet material and the like,which comprises drawing a wet web of fibrous material upon a carrier,draining the water from the web without stretching and crosswiseshrinkage of the web and then subjecting it to rolling pressure on thesame carrier, the water content of the web being sufliciently reduced sothat the rolling pressure is ineffective to produce any substantialcompacting of the web.

11. A method of making a bibulous sheet material and the like, whichcomprises drawing a wet' web of fibrous material upon a carrier. at aspeed greater than the travel of the carrier ythereby causing the fibersto be arranged in a criss-cross loosely matted relation, draining thewater from the web and then subjecting it to rolling pressure on theforming carrier. the water content of the web being sufficiently,lreduced so that the pressure is ineffective to produce any substantialcompacting of the web.

12. A method of making a fluffy asbestos sheet material and the like,which comprises drawing a wet web of fibrous asbestos material upon acarrier at a speed greater than the travel of the carrier, draining thewater from the web by suction means, and then subjecting it to rollingpressure on the forming carrier and then drying the web, the watercontent of the web being sufficiently reduced ,so that therollingpressure is ineffective to

